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6.01.2024

Understanding Autism

Understanding Autism: A Guide for Parents of Young Children (Ages 0-5)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that affects communication, behavior, and social interaction. As parents of young children, understanding autism is crucial for early detection and intervention, which can significantly improve outcomes for children with ASD. 

WHAT IS AUTISM DISORDER?

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a neurological and developmental condition that manifests in early childhood, usually before the age of three. The term "spectrum" reflects the wide range of symptoms and severity. Some children with autism may have mild symptoms, while others may experience more severe challenges that impact their daily lives.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM

Recognizing the signs of autism early can lead to timely intervention and support. Here are some common signs to watch for in children aged 0-5:

Social Communication and Interaction

1. Limited Eye Contact: One of the earliest signs of autism can be limited eye contact. Babies and young children may not make eye contact or may avoid it altogether.
2. Delayed Speech and Language Skills: Children with autism often have delayed speech development. They may not babble as infants, and they may not use gestures such as pointing or waving.
3. Difficulty with Nonverbal Communication: Understanding and using nonverbal communication, such as facial expressions, body language, and gestures, can be challenging for children with autism.
4. Limited Interest in Social Interactions: They may prefer to play alone and may not show interest in other children or in making friends.
5. Difficulty Understanding Emotions: Recognizing and responding to other people's emotions can be difficult for children with autism.

Repetitive Behaviors and Restricted Interests

1. Repetitive Movements: These can include hand-flapping, rocking, or spinning.
2. Strict Routines: Children with autism may insist on following the same routines and can become distressed with changes.
3. Intense Focus on Specific Interests: They may have an intense interest in specific topics or objects, sometimes to the exclusion of other activities.
4. Unusual Sensory Responses: Children with autism may be overly sensitive or under-sensitive to sensory stimuli, such as light, sound, textures, or pain.

CAUSES OF AUTISM

The exact cause of autism is still unknown, but research suggests that it is likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Genetic Factors

1. Family History: Autism tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic component. Specific genetic mutations and syndromes, such as Fragile X syndrome, are also associated with an increased risk of autism.
2. Genetic Mutations: Certain genetic mutations can disrupt brain development and function, leading to autism.

Environmental Factors

1. Parental Age: Older parents are at a higher risk of having a child with autism.
2. Prenatal and Perinatal Factors: Complications during pregnancy or birth, such as low birth weight, multiple pregnancies, and exposure to certain medications or toxins, have been linked to an increased risk of autism.

Diagnosing Autism

Early diagnosis of autism is critical for accessing early intervention services that can help improve a child's development. Here’s how autism is diagnosed in young children:

Developmental Monitoring

Developmental monitoring involves observing your child’s growth and development and noting any areas of concern. This can be done by parents, caregivers, and healthcare providers during regular well-child visits. Developmental milestones are used as a guide to compare your child's progress with typical age-related expectations.

Developmental Screening

If developmental monitoring raises concerns, a formal developmental screening may be conducted. This involves using standardized tools, such as questionnaires and checklists, to assess your child’s developmental progress. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all children be screened for developmental delays during regular well-child visits at 9, 18, and 24 or 30 months, and specifically for autism at 18 and 24 months.

Comprehensive Diagnostic Evaluation

If screening results indicate potential autism, a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation is necessary. This evaluation is conducted by specialists, such as developmental pediatricians, child psychologists, or neurologists, and includes:

1. Clinical Observation: Direct observation of the child’s behavior and interactions.
2. Parent Interviews: Detailed interviews with parents to gather information about the child’s developmental history and behavior.
3. Standardized Testing: Use of standardized assessment tools to evaluate cognitive, language, and social skills.
4. Medical and Genetic Testing: To rule out other conditions and identify any underlying genetic causes.

EARLY INTERVENTION STRATEGIES

Early intervention is vital for children with autism. It can significantly improve their ability to communicate, learn, and interact with others. Here are some effective early intervention strategies:

Behavioral Therapies

1. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): ABA is one of the most widely used therapies for autism. It involves teaching skills through positive reinforcement and breaking down tasks into small, manageable steps.
2. Early Start Denver Model (ESDM): ESDM is designed for children aged 12-48 months and combines ABA principles with play-based, relationship-focused approaches to improve cognitive, social, and language skills.

Speech and Language Therapy

Speech therapy helps children with autism improve their communication skills. This can include developing both verbal and nonverbal communication, such as using gestures or picture communication systems.

Occupational Therapy

Occupational therapy focuses on developing daily living skills, such as dressing, eating, and playing. It also helps children with sensory processing issues to better manage their responses to sensory stimuli.

Social Skills Training

Social skills training teaches children how to interact appropriately with others. This can include understanding social cues, taking turns, and playing cooperatively with peers.

Supporting Your Child at Home

In addition to professional therapies, there are many ways parents can support their child's development at home:

1. Create a Structured Environment: Consistent routines and clear expectations can help children with autism feel more secure and understand what is expected of them.
2. Use Visual Supports: Visual schedules, picture cards, and other visual aids can help children with autism understand routines and communicate their needs.
3. Encourage Play and Interaction: Engage your child in play activities that promote social interaction, such as turn-taking games, pretend play, and cooperative activities.
4. Focus on Strengths: Every child with autism has unique strengths and interests. Encourage activities that build on these strengths and provide opportunities for success.

Finding Support and Resources

Raising a child with autism can be challenging, but there are many resources available to help:

1. Early Intervention Programs: Federally funded programs, such as Nevada Early Intervention Services (NEIS), provide support for children with developmental delays and disabilities from birth to age three. The Child Find program is offered through local school districts for children ages 3 to 21 who have developmental delays or special health care needs.
2. Treatment Assistance: Nevada’s Autism Treatment Assistance Program (ATAP) helps parents and caregivers with covering the cost of Autism-specific treatments and is available statewide for children under the age of 20.
3. Regional Centers: Nevada offers three Regional Centers that serve children and adults with a diagnosis of intellectual or developmental disability, including Autism. Visit the state website by clicking here for more information.
4. Support Groups: Joining a support group for parents of children with autism can provide emotional support, practical advice, and a sense of community. 

• Nevada PEP (Parents Encouraging Parents) is a statewide nonprofit organization that assists families of children with disabilities and behavioral health needs.
• Autism Coalition of Nevada (ACON) is a collaborative organization that supports individuals with autism and their families through advocacy, education, and resources.
• Families for Effective Autism Treatment (FEAT) provides support, advocacy, and resources to families affected by autism in Southern Nevada.
• The Northern Nevada Autism Network (NNAN) offers support and resources for families in Northern Nevada dealing with autism.

1. Educational Resources: Many organizations offer educational materials, workshops, and training for parents and caregivers. Notable organizations include Autism Speaks, and the Autism Society.

Understanding autism and recognizing its signs early are crucial steps in supporting your child's development. While autism presents unique challenges, early intervention and a supportive home environment can make a significant difference in your child's life. By educating yourself, seeking professional guidance, and advocating for your child's needs, you can help them reach their full potential and thrive.

As parents, your love, patience, and dedication are the foundation of your child's growth. Remember that every child with autism is unique, and with the right support, they can lead fulfilling and meaningful lives.

REFERENCES AND INFORMATIONAL RESOURCES

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) "Promoting Optimal Development: Identifying Infants and Young Children with Developmental Disorders Through Developmental Surveillance and Screening" January 2020. Click here to read this article.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) “About Autism Spectrum Disorder” May 2024. Click here to learn more. 

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) “Autism Spectrum Disorder” Click here to learn more.

Autism Speaks “Signs and Symptoms: Early Signs of Autism”. Click here to learn more.

Disclaimer: The information in this article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for professional medical advice or consultation with a healthcare provider. Please consult with a licensed healthcare provider if you have concerns about your child’s development.